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MBA is an abbreviation that means Master in Business Administration. The term would imply that the able candidates of the MBA course would learn to manage and administer the functions of any organization. Suit up for any MBA program and you will be educated in learning leadership and management skills. As we know very well, the task of corporate management involves management of different specific areas of the company. So, the candidates would be trained in learning to administer these different areas well. So, this all-round management would help in getting each candidate a good job in the corporate field.
There are mainly three types of MBA programs. Each program or MBA educational course would train and educate the students in managing the different fields of the business management.
One of the main fields is that of Finance. The company would require some good financial managers to control the expenses and earnings. So, the candidates of the MBA in Finance course would be trained for this task. They would be taught about the complex and technical aspects of the financial analysis. So, the students of this course will get jobs like accountants and financial analysts.
The marketing department would also be important to manage well. The firm would need to market and advertise their products and services. They would need people for marketing their products to the target audience. So, those, who want to enter the marketing field, can go in for a MBA in marketing course.
Another important aspect of organizational management is that of human resources. The firm would like to prize their employees. for Indian there is available of job at Sarkari Naukri (Government job). A proper understanding of the employees’ problems and requirements would increase a firm’s productivity. So, the graduates of HR MBA course would fit in well as people, who will have to deal and manage the employees of the firms.

Capitalist development of the world affected the environment considerably. The nineteenth and twentieth centuries were remarkable as they saw major development in science and technology. But capitalist development took place only in some selected countries only. Capitalism was like a hungry giant whose insatiable hunger could only be fed by exploiting the colonies of Asia, Africa, and the America, which were very rapidly coming under European control. These are the dilemmas of development. The whole scenario was made more complex by imperialism. But capitalist transformation of a society can be traced back as early as the 18^th century, European move out of their homelands, fired by a new spirit of adventures or because of a sudden population increase. But their attitudes were different to the new lands they entered. As a result many ecological changes took place. These changes were not always good. The natural abundance of the tropics seemed to contrast with the frugality of nature in Europe, Another type of reactions, which is a result of extreme mentality, or a hostile attitude, towards the existing flora and fauna. The marshes and swamps were seen as breeding grounds of disease and must be cleared. Another reaction which came later but became very pre-dominant was of interest in the exploitability of these natural resources and their commercial value. Nature was seen as an inner hostile source which could be put to productive use. In the process of tapping natural resources, much of the existing natural vegetation and animals were destroyed. The European settler came to the new world, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and other lesser-known parts of the world. They also brought plants and animals from the native land, the new animals also needed certain kinds of plodders and grasses for their survival. These grasses were often imported from the home countries and would spread like wild fire. The existing grasses and weeds were wiped out as a result. In New Zealand there were no large native predators—i.e. all the world livestock that had been introduced i.e. pigs, goats, horses, and sheep—multiplied very rapidly and soon outnumbered the human population. The Himalayan Tahr a long haired mountain goat created riot in South Africa in the 1920.some three or four specimen were brought for a zoo at the base of Table Mountains. The goat managed to escape and created a panic by threatening the natural habitat of the region. South African national parks authority decided to kill these animals. But the decision has triggered a controversy. A group animal lover formed a support group called friends of the Tahr (FOTT).thus ecological changes are of two types, one is intended and another one is unintended. But both of them had very grievous consequences, they are responsible for disturbing the ecological balance seriously. In many cases these changes ultimately lead to reperfusions can affect not only plant and animal species but also entire races of humans. It has been seen that  introduction of new ani8mal and plant species sometimes resulted in the  wiping, out of the indigenous species, so the coming of Europeans to the new world could mean the extermination of large sections of the existing population in that region. In central and south America, the Incas and the Aztecs were suddenly exposed to the smallpox virus when the Spaniards arrived in those land areas in the second decade of the 16^th century. Since the Aztecs and the Incas were not immunized, the disease spread rapidly and caused huge loss of lives. This led to demoralization and political collapse. A few hundred adventurers led by Herman Cortes defeated five million strong empire of Montezuma in the Mexico region. As there was no-clear successor, the Spanish conqueror Francisco pizarro could easily conquer the area. The conquest of the Caribbean islands and formation of America by British colonies also hampered the interests of the indigenous Red Indians to a great extent.

Capitalism is a mode of production in which capital in its various forms is the principal means of production. Socialism is a mode of production in society in its various forms in the principal means of production. Capitalism is the first stage in the history of the world to coincide with the phenomenon of industrialization in its full brown form together, the new economic institutions and the new technology transformed the world. Technical progress is the most essential characteristic of capitalist advance. But it is very hard to quantify or explain its growth. Some scholars regard the application of science to industry as the distinguishing characteristic of modern society. As early as the seventeenth century the methods of science in particular, observation and experiment, were being applied for utilitarian purposes. One of the most remarkable features of technical advance in the eighteen and early nineteenth centuries was the large proportion of major inventions made by ingenious thinkers, self taught mechanics and engineers and other autodidacts. The most significant improvements in technology involved the use of machinery and mechanical power to transform tasks that had been far more slowly and laboriously by human or animal power. During the eighteen century, a notable increase in the use of water-power occurred in industries such as grain milling, textiles and metallurgy. The most important developments are application of energy in the early stages of industrialization. It involved the substitution of coal for wood and charcoal as fuel, and the introduction of the stream engine for use in mining, manufacturing and transportation. The use of coal and coke in the smelting process greatly reduced the cost of metals and multiplied their uses. Though the term industrialization is absent from the work of Marx and Engel’s, the concept is clearly present. Marx distinguishes modern industry or the factory system or the machinery system from earlier forms of capitalist production, co-operation and manufacture. Modern industry is distinguished from manufacture by the central role of machinery. As soon as tools have converted from manual implements of man into implements of a mechanical apparatus, the motive mechanism also acquired an independent form. In parallel with manufacture, Marx distinguishes two stages in the development of the machinery system. The conversion of tools reduces the workers to a ‘mere’ source of motive power. The socialist critique of capitalism was varied in Europe. Socialism means different forms of practice before the October Revolution in Russia. It implied activity to strengthen trades unions, friendly societies and labor syndicates with or without the assistance of political parties. Socialist pattern of industrialization emphasizes of co-operative enterprise and various forms of community enterprise that would benefit the public as a whole. As a result initiatives were taken associated with municipal socialism or municipal trading. It means the running of urban facilities for fuel, water and lighting. Most socialists had an abiding fear of the state and state control as a possible source of intensification of exploitation rather than a solution to it. Prior to First World War, in fact, nationalization was looked upon as a way of constituting an area of activity where the proletariat had no say. Before 1914 there was no model of a socialist economy.  After the October revolution the first major large scale experiment with socialism in Europe was done. Governments evolved with state control of the economy. These governments used public welfare as their reference point. The economy was regularly mapped to trace out the areas where state investment is necessary. Hence the economy as it matured was called a planned economy. The system of planning was highly innovative. The soviet planned economy was considered the archetype of socialist experiment. The Bolsheviks set out to provide the benefits of industrial development. A line of argument also runs that soviet industrialization was not socialist since socialism could not be constructed in an undeveloped country like Russia where industrial capitalism had been weak. The anti-soviet economist has recently advanced the notion that soviet production was no incompetent that it does not deserve serious attention as growth. Anders Aslund’s views on the post soviet economy of the Russian federation have been criticized. In argument he said that so much worthless production took place in the soviet economy and shortages were so great that this fact cannot be ignored at all. State capitalism meant the operation of industry, trade and finance with the collaboration of the old entrepreneurial class, but with rigorous supervision by and participation from the state. Spontaneous nationalization of industry by workers and distribution of agricultural land was done.

The international encyclopaedia of social sciences refers to capitalism as the economic and political system that in its industrial or full form first developed in England in the late 18^th century. Dictionary of social sciences explained capitalism as denoting an economic system in which the greater proportion of economic life, particularly ownership of and investment in production goods, is carried on under private(i.c, non-governmental) auspices through the process of economic competition with an avowed incentive of profit. Marxist historians have identified a series of stages in the evolution of capitalism—for examples, merchant or commercial capitalism, agrarian capitalism, industrial capitalism and state capitalism, and much of the debate on origin and progress Has hinged on differing views of the significance, timing and characteristics of each stage. The first stage, i.e. mercantile or commercial capitalization provided the initial thrust and impetus for capitalization in the sense that merchants started becoming entrepreneurs to cater to market demands by employing wage labourers as well as by exploiting the existing craft guilds. Commercial capitalization metamorphosed into industrial capitalisms, which again, according to Marxist economist, gave way to socialism, because industrial capitalism was inseparably connected with problems of the working class, this invariably gave rise to different currents of socialist thoughts. Commercial capitalism and agrarian capitalism were, therefore, two forms of capitalism that overlapped with each other, the difference between them being that one emerged out of commercial surplus while the other out of agricultural surplus. Agrarian capitalism sometimes metamorphosed fully into commercial capitalism i.e. invested the entire surplus accumulated from agriculture into commerce and sometimes transformed directly into industrial capitalism by investing in industrial development alone. In all this stages of capitalism, identified by the Marxist historians, therefore, the first stage was merchant capitalism or commercial capitalism. Now, what is it? Precisely, capital accumulation out of the profits of merchants to be invested in various economic activities was what is called commercial capitalism. It took different forms in different stages. In middle age, however, the form assumed by commercial capitalism was entirely different. It was during this time that it developed in the true sense. In England, and even more emphatically in Holland, the birth of capitalism can be dated from the late 16^th and early 17^th centuries. The type of capitalism t5hat was growing up in Europe in the Middle Ages and was well established by 1500 was predominantly of this sort. Here lay the distinction between commercial capitalism, of the ancient and middle ages. It can therefore be said that a limited form of ‘early’ or commercial capitalism, already known in the ancient world, had developed in Italy as early as the thirteenth century and later in the Low Countries. This commercial form developed in England in the 16^th century and began to change into industrial capitalism while elements of feudalism and the guild system still existed. In short, therefore, the early stage of capitalism, primarily founded upon commerce is called commercial capitalization, which in course of time metamorphosed into industrial capitalism. Capitalism therefore did exist in ancient world in the form of commerce as well as guild system and merchant dominated putting out system in the medieval world.

Modern industries started their journey in India during the second half of the 19^th century. In the late 18^th century India was a supplier of about a quarter of the worlds industrial output. India dominated in the market of textile imports across the world. But the relative importance of textile industry within India was not known. At the end of the 18^th century cloth export from India amounted to about 50 million yards. At that time gross production of textile within India amounted to about 1800-2000 million yards. Our knowledge is far more about trade than other industries. The major exporting regions in India were Punjab, Gujarat, the Coromandel Coast and Bengal. These regions had or could get raw cotton, water and labor. Each of these regions had their own trading network, Central Asia for Punjab, red sea and Persian Gulf for Gujarat. Coromondel had its trading network across south East Asia and Bengal used its waterways to trade with upper India. With the coming of the European traders nothing changed remarkably until the 18^th century.

The weavers had industrial unit centered in their crone (an old woman) house. The women and children of the respective weavers’ family acted as auxiliary or helping workers. Sometimes they could be seen doing works like spinning threads. In the northern gangetic plains there were some differences. Large workshops were owned by rich men. These worked on the basis of all male master-apprentice team. Gradually European traders consolidated their position in case of Indian Ocean trade. In case of spot transactions contracts were made between trader and producer. This process in course of time was popularized and a bigger number and greater verities of intermediaries came to play a vital role in this process.

With growing demand, European traders emphasized on, quality, standardization and timely supply. These were some of the problems over faced by them. By 1800 the trade network via Europe was dwindling. Indian handicrafts had a huge demand in European market which decreased considerably. In India the disputed British revenue policy in rotaries areas lead to decline in demand in the rural areas. From 1820 machine made yarn and cloth began to reach Indian markets. As a result domestic textile industries which were largely dependent on hand running machines were at the verge of destruction. Increasingly concentrated markets and unrelated location of production also aggravated the problem. No permanent solution to this problem was found. Within the next 75 years European machine made clothes and yarn had no substitute, in Indian market. The impact, timing and significance of de industrialization could be seen in the decline of domestic Indian industries. As a result there was a large loss in employment in the handicraft textile sector. Prior to industrial exports from England 4-5 million persons all over India were engaged in the hand spinning industry. The decline in hand spinning and hand weaving industry in India took place gradually. In case of income loss, hand spinners were by and large domestic workers who performed spinning as part time workers. In lieu of their labor they used to take very small payment. This income loss was however not so important in comparison with the employment loss. Morris (1969) indicated that the rapid cheapening of cloth due to exports must have caused an expansion in demand. At the same time cheapening of yarn proved beneficial for the handloom weavers. Thus we can see that in the 19^th century part of the handicraft textiles gradually disappeared while a part survived. At the same time some positive forces began to work in favor of the handicrafts. The handlooms did not merely survive but this sector saw a remarkable growth in the twentieth century.

There is no doubt that parts of the cotton industry were highly commercialized even before British rule. These segments supplied mainly foreign trade. From the first quarter of the nineteenth century the amount of foreign trade began to decline and British cloth began to complete with Indian cloths even in Indian markets also. Some commercialized cloth thus disappeared. There were other clothes that were not heavily traded before. The gradually became commercialized during the colonial reign. The most important craft threatened by steam-powered technology is the cotton textile. The threat was posed by Lancashire from the 1820s until the pre-war decade. Thereafter, the competition came mainly from the cotton spinning-weaving mills in Bombay and Ahmadabad. It is true that a power driven loom is much faster than a hand-loom. Naturally the output was also bigger. Now the question is if the hand-looms survive at all? The answer is that it survived because it was more efficient in certain types of traditional clothing. Through Lancashire posed a great threat it was overcome because of the quality and excellence of the product being produced by a hand-loom. The indigenous technique was far better and was handy in producing indigenous cloth. The most important example of hand-loom specially one that is still made on a hand-loom is a sari with designed border. In 1930, there were many more such cloths, turbans, bordered dhotis, checked and stripped lungies, were also common hand-loom items. By contrast, the mi8lls dominated shirting, suiting, dhotis and simple saris, basically any cloths that could be woven in long sheets and with very simple design.

Even as handlooms faced competition in a number of categories, in those classes where it had comparative advantage consumption grew in the early 20^th century. It was thus proved that the British textile factories with their steam-powered looms failed to exercise any remarkable influence on Indian textile market. The increased consumption derived partly from increasing purchasing power of those rural regions that produced lucrative crash crops. It also derived from changes in clothing habits. For example, the depressed castes of south India began to wear a greater quality and finer types of clothing from the turn of the century. In hand-loom cloth, especially silk, long distance trade was not a new phenomenon. It was continuing from earlier times. But there are a number of evidences which can substantiate the fact that trade almost certainly increased in extent in the second half of the 19^th century. Capital and labour involved in the hand-loom industry became increasingly mobile. But there were negative impacts also. Imported and mill made cloth had destroyed many local weaving traditions. Thus it had reduced local transactions of cloth in rural markets or seasonal fairs where weavers and consumers often made the dealings between them on a direct basis. At the same time wholesale trade had increased considerably. Long distance trade in yarn, dyes, silk and gold-thread—AL major raw materials for the hand-loom industry became more extensive and more organized from the 1870s when these materials began to be imported or made in the mills. Hand loom cloth also used these systems. It was often seen that the wholesale traders in textile raw materials were of weaver’s background. In India textile production survived because the European imports could not displace the very coarse and very fine varieties of Indian textiles, thus domestic hand-loom industry survived.

There is little information about the method and nature of taxation before the time of Aladdin kalji. There is no uniformity in imposing taxes all over the periods. In many cases taxes were collected through tax farmers. The first references to imposition of taxes were provided by Barani (1357). He informed us that Aladdin khalji imposed three types of taxes. They are land tax, ghari and charai. Ghari was a tax of house. In western Rajasthan a tax commonly known as jhumpis was levied on pastoral communities. The Levi was 1/40^th of a rupee per jhumpi. In Maharashtra it was known as ghartaka.

Charai:-Alauddin khalji imposed a tax called charai on milk cows. It continued till firuz shah’s reign who forbade collection both ghari and charai. In Maharashtra it was customary to pay ½ a seer of butter and the owner of flock of sheep gave 1 sheep to the watandar on yearly basis. vijayanagar ruler collected a separate goat tax called adatere.

Pasture-taxes: taxes were also paid for the use of pastural lands. In western Rajasthan it was known as ghasmari, pancharai and karabghas. The tax levied on livestock feeding on grass was known as ghasmari, while pancharai was imposed on animals feeding on leaves. It was collected from camel owners.

Irrigational tax: firuz established a vast network of canals in his empire. The villages which were served by canals had to pay haqq-i-shurb (water tax). It amounted to 1/10^th of the produce. Mal was a kind of irrigation tax imposed on Persian wheel in western Rajasthan it amounted to less than 5 percent of the total land revenue. The rate of imposition was highest in khalisa territories than in the pattas.

Sardeshmukhi: this tax was levied and collected by shibaji in his own dominion, collected swaraj on the basis of his claim as the sardeshmukh of the dominion. Thus it was claimed by shibaji as a matter of right unlike chauth it was 10 percent of the total revenue realized. Sardeshmukhi was fixed along with Jama bandi.

Chauth: chauth was another tax levied by shibaji. But the koli Rajas were collecting chauth from the Portuguese much before shivaji levied it.it was ,evied on mughal terrirories also which were under the indirect control of the Marathas.it was a tax amounting to 1/4^th of the revenue realized by the Maratha state.

Peshkush: all zamindars and the tributary chiefs were liable to pay peshkush as a mark of submission. The revenues collected went directly to the imperial treasury. In the deccan we have seen that official had to pay a price for retaining their posts. In Hyderabad they had to shed off 7 and half year income to the treasury. In Orissa areas under the native princes who surrendered paid a fixed annual peshkash known as garhjats.

Jiziya: jiziya as a tax was levied as early as mohammad bin quasim’s time. Prior to firuz’s reign jiziya formed part of kharaj and was commonly known as kharaj-o-jiziya. Firuz shah tughlug introduced a poll ta side by side kharaj. Thus from firuz’s reign onwards the two were assessed separately and not together. Jizia was first abolished by Akbar in 1564 and finally in 1579. From first class it was extracted at the rate of 48 dirham’s; on second 24 and on the third 12 dirham’s. After mughal occupation of Golconda in 1687 Aurangzeb imposed this tax in the Deccan.

Salt tax: it was imposed by shivaji in 1671 at the rate of 12 rukas per maund. Nainsi records the state’s income for pachpadra pits alone ( western rajastan) at 10,000 duganis/Rs250. Taxes to the meet the expenditure of the army were varied type like Faujbad,ghasadana,kapur paik,gadcavani, karsai, mohimpatti, vartaria, padai-kanikkai etc.

On the occasion of festival like holy, rakshabandhan, diwali etc separate taxes were paid.

Marriage tax: taxes were also collected for getting married. It was ¼ rupee in maharastra called varadtaka or lagnataka. In Vijayanagara period pendli-sunka or maduveyasunka was the tax realized at the time of marriage.