Online Education Blog

Homo sapiens, our own species, are distinct from other mammals: great apes such as chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans and from early hominids. At some point between 8 and 4 million years ago gorillas and then chimpanzees split off from the evolutionary line that would lead to humans. As Michael H. Hart explains in his fine book Understanding Human History, Australopithecus afarensis, our likely hominid forefather, lived in East Africa about 3.5 million years ago. The Australian anthropologist Raymond Dart (1893-1988) discovered the first fossil of an Australopithecus Africans, a slightly more evolved version of A. aphaeresis, in 1924 in southern Africa. It was neither ape nor human and caused a stir at the time. Prior to this find, most Western scholars had believed that humans evolved in Eurasia. Louis Leakey (1903-1972), the son of British missionaries, was an archaeologist and naturalist working in British-ruled East Africa. He went to school at Cambridge University in England, majoring in anthropology and graduating in 1926. From the very start Louis felt that our species arose in Africa, a concept which is now widely held but was controversial at that time. Through their tireless exploration and research, Louis and his English wife, the archaeologist and anthropologist Mary Leakey (1913-1996), made the Olduvai Gorge in the Serengeti region in northern Tanzania, famous for its wildlife, their domain. They made a series of spectacular pale anthropological and archaeological discoveries in East Africa and founded a Leakey family dynasty of leading scientists that is currently in its third generation. Lucy, the skeleton of an Australopithecus aphaeresis that lived 3.2 million years ago, was discovered in Ethiopia in 1974 by the American pale anthropologist Donald Johnson (born 1943) along with the French anthropologist Yves Coppens (born 1934). The genus Homo diverged from Australopithecines more than two million years ago with Homo habilis, which made very crude stone tools called Oldowan after the Olduvai Gorge. About 1.8 million years ago a new species, Homo erectus, arose in East Africa, the first hominid to spread out of Africa. The earliest fossil of Homo erectus (“human that stands upright”), the Java man, was discovered by Dutch physician and pale anthropologist Eugene Dubois (1858-1940) in 1891 on the island of Java, then under Dutch colonial rule. H. erectus existed not just in Africa but in parts of Eurasia as far as Java in Southeast Asia, but apparently never settled in Australia or the Americas; this was achieved by early modern Homo sapiens during the past 40,000 years.

Internet is the latest revolution in technology for human kind in this planet. The last and the major revolutions in the dissemination of knowledge and social communication up till the present day is the internet. There are many improbable in its growth. While internet when its enthusiasts claims a sudden revolutionary status for the form of communications and for the goodwill’s of human beings , since cyberspace has opened up previously imaginable possibilities there are also grounds for some skepticism. To operating the internet involved both general and computer literacy. The origins of internet are strange and surprising. The RAND Corporation in 1960’s the most strategic think thank in US Authority trying to find a way of making communications among US Authorities secure, even in the eventually nuclear war during the cold war. The idea that was become today’s internet, and then arose within the parameters of U.S, Defense thinking. Basic idea of the internet was the consequence of the search of secure of military command, its transformation into a free community of users came from the diametrically opposite impulse. Till 1980s internet has undergone many changes. It demanded free and opens access to the net, has been partially overridden by the forces of commerce and big capital. Corporate enterprise has taken over, with Bill Gates Microsoft Corporation now controlling and making enormous revenue from a large number of personal computers through which people access the internet. Communications have been unimaginably speeded up. It has enable among other things, the formation of what are known as internet communities, networked users who communicate intensively, exchanging message and posting martial on web. In history of knowledge revolution internet is the latest discovery by human being. Many kinds of knowledge are disseminated on the internet; academic activity for instance has been greatly stimulated since web searched can often produce hundreds or even thousands of references and articles on the web when one is looking for information on particular themes. School and university students with access to the internet find it an invaluable aid as do scholars and researchers. other kind of information are also available, the net is among other things, the first place where fresh news breaks must before it printed in news papers and usually before it can make it to TV or Radio. The opportunities this provided for business and profit making were soon realized and large capital unmanageable and even radical edge of the print media could never be fully diluted, as knowledge, opinions and arguments poured out of the presses and hugely expanded the quantity of recorded thought in the world. Internet was actually begun in Pentagon for the use of defense among the military. Later on it speeded all over the world. At first internet marketed by ARPA .scientist and army man used it for their own purpose. Army man sent their message of war at war time via internet. Now a day thousands and thousands peoples using internet worldwide. Places of Print, media, radio, television are replaced by internet in many where. Some peoples are doing foreign job using internet, many where books are being reading via internet. Lastly we can say that internet brought a great revolution in modern communication and technology in the human society.

The long span of history most views of the world were spiritual and mythological kind. somewhere the human beings also began developing tools to master the nature around them. the developments of modern science was of tremendous long-term significance. in earlier civilization, people developed practical tools, system and technologies for managing civilization they had built.  the scientific revelation is usually taken to signify the contrast with the superstitious irrationality that is presumed to have been the cultural and intellectual signature of the middle ages. the seed of science revolution sprouted in the form of the enlightenment, the bourgeois ideology of the age of capital, which established reason as the motor and measure of historical change. the second important enlightenment concept was that the scientific method was capable of discovering the laws of nature as well as those of human society. In the medieval period science gained a new momentum by adaptation of fresh techniques in relation to the methods of observation, experimentation and classification of different natural phenomenon. In the medieval period general theories were established on the basis of speculative reasoning. A value like empirical, experimental research was stressed on and thus formalizing of the empirical method into a general theory of inductive reasoning was done. It was a process of reasoning that establishes general truths on the basis of particular instances or empirical data. The early break through made by Copernicus, Tycho and kepler opened a window and allowed a fresh air of scientific enquiry. Galileo Galilee, the Italian scientist put emphasis on carefully controlled experiments. He discovered many basic principles of mechanics. He established the famous law of inertia. Galileo procured a telescope and began to study celestial bodies. He quickly discovered the first four moons of Jupiter. He was the first man to discover that the earth revolves around the sun. In this way he defied the Aristotelian views and Ptolemy’s astronomy. Isaac Newton combined experimental and inductive approach of bacon, Galileo and Gilbert. Newton developed a unified view of the universe in accordance with three different forces. The first law of Newton was relevant in the statement: an object at rest tends to stay at rest. An object in motion tends to continue at constant speed in a straight line. Newton’s second law of motion states that if more force is placed on an object, the more it accelerates. But the more it is massive the more it resists acceleration. The third and the final law states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Newton used these three laws to calculate the gravitational force between the earth and the moon. The same year that Nicolas Copernicus published his helio-centric theory. Galen’s anatomy and medicinal theories were based on dissection of animal corpses in A.D.100’s. the scientific revolution also extended too many other areas. Modern physiology began in the early 1600’s with the work of William Harvey. The Dutch microscope maker Zacharias Janssen was the first to use combined lenses. Robert Boyle, an Irish scientist, helped establish the experimental method in chemistry.he introduced many new ways of identifying the chemical composition of substances.